Tobacco Use And Its Effect On Our Ecosystem - 923 Words

According to the Center for Disease Control tobacco use is responsible for more than four hundred eighty thousand premature deaths each year and is the largest cause of preventable mortality in the United States (cdc.gov). Imagine a world where our ecosystem is not suffering from the toxic effects that tobacco use has on our ecosystem. A dream that will probably never be achieved in America due to the high demand of this cancerous substance. Cigarettes have proven to be one of the most detrimental forces ever created. In 1881 the first cigarette machine was created making tobacco more accessible worldwide (healthliteracy.worlded.org). In the centuries ahead they have been responsible for six million deaths per year. Cigarettes negatively impact not only yourself, but also everything around us. In today’s society almost everyone is a smoker in some way, shape, or form. Whether tobacco is smoked or chewed the consumption has proven to be deadly to all aspects of humanity. In 2013 the Center for Disease Control (cdc.gov) reported that in 2013, 42.1 adults in America were current cigarette smokers consequentially polluting the environment at an aggressive rate. Second hand smoke is smoke inhaled involuntarily due to other tobacco users. These chemicals released into the atmosphere then linger undetectably in the air we breath. When exposed to second hand smoke the effects are equivalent. No one is exempt from the exposure to second hand smoke. 88 million nonsmoking Americans areShow MoreRelatedShould The Production Of Cigarette Be Legal?951 Words   |  4 Pagesthe production of cigarettes should be illegal on account it causes deadly diseases, second hand smoke, addiction and pollution. In the United States, there is around 400,000 deaths each year because of cigarette smoking. Tobacco use has more deaths each year than other drug use such as alcohol, and also other lead deaths in America like car crash injures, suicide, and murder together. To put it another way, smoking also can increase chances for strokes, coronary heart disease, lung cancer, and deathRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?997 Words   |  4 PagesTHC, which enables users to feel â€Å"high.† Despite, the many negative statements about marijuana, it is compact with loads of benefits. Some of the most common benefits are: its ability to treat glaucoma; it may reverse the carcinogenic (toxic) effects of tobacco and improve lung health; it can control epileptic seizures; and lastly, cannabidiol (CBD) –the chemical found in marijuana—stops cancer cells from spreading. With marijuana’s handful of health benefits, I would support the legalization of thisRead MoreThe Economic D evelopment Of Bangladesh1710 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy. In spite of its economic progress, poverty remains a curse. By looking at the poverty headcount ratio of 43.3% as of 2010, we can still notice that most of the people are living under poverty line. Furthermore, the economic development of our country comes with an additional cost that is environmental degradation. As the Kuznets’s curve demonstrates developing counties undergo increased environmental degradation with economic growth. Similarly, in Bangladesh, the government encourages industrializationRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pageswill cause direct damage to the ecosystem and impact, such as desertification, forest destruction, water eutrophication, will also give ecological systems and human society caused by indirect harm, and sometimes this indirect environmental effects than the harm caused Of the direct harm is greater, more difficult to eliminate. For e xample, the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and ozone depletion are the environmental effects of air pollution. This environmental effect derived from environmental pollutionRead MoreAir Pollution And Its Effects On Health1647 Words   |  7 PagesAir pollution is considered the presence of a harmful substance in the air. â€Å"All aerobic biological system use oxygen as an essential part of their physiological cellular metabolic processes (Valavanidis et. al 2013).†With the inclusion of oxygen within our biological systems come complications. More specifically, air pollution has been deemed hazardous to human health. Air pollution is a complex and abundant mixture of pollutants. The combination of matter includes particulate matter, chemical substanceRead MoreGmo Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesinterfere into fruits and plants. Once it is ingested, our body receives thousands of chemicals like proteins, DNA, sugars and metabolites. It also gives vitamin C to for energy. Howeve r, there are many studies have shown that consuming GMOs are not healthy. Most Genetically modified crops are made for herbicide use (Smith, 2011, para. 3). American farmers between 1996 and 2008, poured an extra 383 million pounds of herbicide This causes farmers to use more toxic herbicides to prevent â€Å"superweeds† andRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Ghana Faces and Suggested Solutions1404 Words   |  6 PagesAkwapim-Togo ranges. Pollution is also one of the environmental challenges Ghana faces today. Pollution is the contamination of Earth’s environment with materials that interfere with human health, the quality of life, or the natural functioning of ecosystems (living organisms and their physical surroundings) (Paul Engelking, 2008). Pollution basically means the addition of harmful substances to air, water, soil and food which threatens the health and survival of humans. Although some environmental pollutionRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Cruelty The topic of animal cruelty is one of great importance to the wold today. Why we humans have the right reserved to treat animals as lesser individuals is beyond me. Animals are fulfilling their part in the ecosystems and communities of the earth, and to the best extent that they are able. For example, a spider is being the best possible spider that it can be, spinning webs and working diligently at what it knows best, not bothering any creatures of the earth besides the ones whichRead MoreHealth Detriments Caused by Fast Food1808 Words   |  7 Pagesdesire to see things like great fitness in our population (with regards to reproduction and evolution), better health care, cures for cancers, ends to wars and political disputes and differences. Many of us are not giving enough thought and credit to the fact that to even get close to that type of a future, we need to start with the basics. We need to start to look at our food future. The food that we ingest and thrive off of from the beginnings of our lives right up until death can be looked atRead MoreAgricultural Genetic Engineering : A Vital Biotechnological Tool1572 Words   |  7 PagesAgricultural Genetic Engineering; A Vital Biotechnological Tool Fascinating times we are currently living in. A rapid, consistently growing population creating gross demands for food is pushing our resources to capacity. Fulfilling the needs of the world s population is a monumental task. Limited arable land to cultivate and an ever changing climate has led to environmental degradation. At this rate of exponential human population growth, it is predicted to reach 9 billion people by 2050, however

Chanels Influence On Fashion Essay - 866 Words

Chanel’s Influence on Fashion Coco Chanel was one of the most influential fashion designers of the Twentieth Century and she was the first significant female fashion designer. The fashion world was impacted by Chanel’s phoenix like return to fashion after her retirement in 1953. Chanel introduced men and women to practical yet elegant styles. Although Chanel has been deceased for forty-one years her undeniable influence on fashion and women’s roles in society will be remembered for generations to come. Coco Chanel was an iconic designer and continues to inspire men and women around the world. Like many successful designers Coco had humble beginnings as a hat designer in 1910. Her unique hat styles made her noteworthy in the Parisian†¦show more content†¦The comfortable but exquisite clothing liberated women. Chanel revolutionized the perfume and jewelry industry. Chanel created Chanel Number Five in 1924. By 1925 Chanel perfume was also being distributed on a worldwide scale. Chanelâ€⠄¢s perfumes bring a significant percent of a profit for the company, more than its sales in other in other areas combined. Today Chanel Number Five sells a bottle every day thirty seconds. Costume jewelry was another item that became popular due to Chanel’s influence in the early 1920’s. She was the first designer to gain the social acceptability of wearing fake jewels. She said, â€Å"Costume jewelry is not made to give women an aura of wealth but to make them beautiful† (Picardie 76). Her jewelry and perfume lines are still best sellers in the jewelry and perfume market. The Great Depression and World War II affected Chanel’s success as most consumers could no longer afford her clothing. However, Chanel still was selling her fashions to buyers from India, Asia, South America and the Middle East as they eagerly sought her designs during the almost worldwide Depression (Inoue). Due to World War II Chanel closed all her boutiques and moved to Switzerland. Nevertheless Chanel continued to plan her return to fashion. After the War Chanel returned to Paris in 1953 to find that Parisian women were obsessed with Christian Dior and the â€Å"New Look†, which is a very feminineShow MoreRelatedCoco Chanel1588 Words   |  7 PagesCoco Chanel: Most influential women’s fashion designer The designs created by Coco Chanel have had the greatest impact on women’s fashion. Her designs are classic, timeless, and still very popular today. All of her accomplishments were because of her hard work, dedication, and being her own person. Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel was born on August 19, 1883 in Saumur, France. (A+E Television Networks, LLC â€Å"Coco Chanel Biography†) When Chanel was twelve years old, her mother, Jeanne Devolle, past awayRead MoreChanel : A Fashion House Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesfragrance in the world and worth an estimate of $1.5 billion, Chanel is a fashion house that begun in Paris, France by the infamous CoCo Chanel. Chanel is a brand that rose to its success with the launch of the perfume Chanel No. 5. Since the success of the fragrance, Chanel has begun to capitalize on offerings which include luxury goods, ready-to-wear clothing, handbags, perfumery, and cosmetics. Chanel is now a global fashion house that operates in The United States, United Kingdom, France, Asia,Read MoreNew Marketing Approaches for CHANEL746 Words   |  3 PagesPart 6 : New Marketing Approaches for CHANEL Introduction Chanel’s products featured elegance, simplicity, modern, class, and luxury. Chanel’s marketing strategies included high quality products, price lining, scarcity and uniqueness. Chanel’s segmentations consist of age group of 30 to 45 years old; gender group is female; targeted income range would be high disposable income. For the other targeted gender group—male, men are predicted to buy perfume as a gift. As for user status, there were ex-usersRead MoreHistorical Development Of Haute Couture1627 Words   |  7 Pageshaute Couture. I will then discuss Coco Chanel’s thriving impact on haute couture as well as ready-to-wear caused by the second world war. Saint Laurent’s drift to ready-to-wear and the high street fashion system will also be discussed in order to answer if haute couture is relevant in fashion today. The books I will be analysing and referencing are ‘A Cultural History of Fashion in the 20th Century’ by Bonnie Englis h, ‘Couture’ by Ruth Lynam, ‘How Fashion Works’ by Gavin Waddell. Which will thoroughlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Coco Chanel s Influence On The Fashion World2029 Words   |  9 Pagesinnovate new fashion, create her own company logo and by building a multibillion dollar company that still thrives today. From the beginning of her career, Coco Chanel has influenced culture and the fashion world, and continues to long after her passing. Chanel wanted to orchestrate fashion and function. â€Å"Luxury must be comfortable otherwise it is not luxury (Chanel).† Her very high standards and her innate knack for fashion helped propel her to the summit of the fashion world. Coco Chanel’s upbringingRead MoreCoco Chanels Influence on Womens Rights2572 Words   |  11 Pagesthe woman’s role in society through revolutionizing women’s fashion. Chanel was the first couture fashion designer to cater to the independent European woman, rejecting the corset and, instead, promoting less binding, â€Å"boyish† attire for the modern, working woman. To determine the extent to which Coco Chanel influenced the European feminist movement in the early twentieth century, this investigation will examine the ways in which Chanel’s unique designs such as the â€Å"Little Black Dress† and women’sRead MoreMarketing essay on Chanel4291 Words   |  18 PagesJanuary 2013 Markets, Marketing and Strategy Report MMS Report, 1 January 2013 Markets Marketing and Strategy Report Executiv summary : This report provides an analysis and evaluation of Chanel’s marketing strategies and of its place in the Luxury market today. Methods of analysis include three theorical models that help to understand the complexity of Chanel business environment and its main resources. Those three models are: PESTEL, SWOT and 5 Porter’s forces. In thisRead MoreCfew2473 Words   |  10 Pages------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form * Born:  August 19, 1882 in Saumur, France * Died:  January 10, 1971 in Paris, France * Nationality:  French * Occupation:  Fashion designer Legend.  Coco  Chanel  once declared, Legend is the consecration of celebrity, and no other fashion designer in history has exceeded either  Chanels celebrity or her legend. She was a fiercely independent lover of dukes, industrialists, and artists; a confidante of many of the creative geniuses of her day—among themRead MoreCoco Chanel1043 Words   |  5 Pageswent to live with him when she was aged 25. Chanel’s appearance was always very modest and neat, very different to that of Baslan’s rich friends who were always very made up with lace and frills. Baslan owned alot of horses and was into horse racing, Chanel learnt to ride whilst living with him, women traditionally wore side saddle skirts yet Chanel could be found in the same masculine clothes as the stable hands, first showing her rebellion in fashion which eventually translated in her collectionsRead MoreWhat Are the Qualities of a Good Entrepreneur?1744 Words   |  7 Pagescreation, is a heroi c figure in economic development. ( Nafziger, Wayne, 1986) A broader definition by say The entrepreneur shifts economic resources out of lower and into higher productivity and greater yield. ( J. Dees,1998) The most important influence on an individual’s decision to become a good entrepreneur is their qualities and good entrepreneurs have many traits in common: clear vision, self-confidence, creativity, high-energy, self-motivated and good relationship building. Entrepreneurs are

The Pros and Cons of Prenatal Screening Essay - 1197 Words

Child is a gift from God. Every parent hopes for a healthy child. However, abnormalities in the fetus growth becoming common nowadays. These may be due to physical, radiation and chemical factors. These factors will cause deformities such as genetic mutation which causes mental retardation, abnormal body buildup and other conditions which bring a lot of troubles in the future to the child themselves and their parents. Modern technologies and innovations in the medical field had developed a method to detect the abnormality before delivery and prevent this future tragedy to happen. This method is known as prenatal screening. There are several advantages and disadvantages of prenatal screening. Prenatal screening is a test to detect†¦show more content†¦When parents know the fetus is â€Å"special†, they may be chosen to terminate the pregnancy. Thus, in general prenatal screening helps to detect congenital disabilities but is also thought to be the remedy selective abortion (Seller, 1976). One of the benefits of prenatal screening is to enable early detection of the developmental defect embryology. This embryology developmental defect may be due to the mutation or genetic inheritance. Mutation is a condition characterized by permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. It can range in different sizes from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to a large segment of a chromosome. On the other hand, genetic inheritance is a condition whereby parents pass traits such as height and other characteristics to the children by chromosomes. â€Å"Sonograms, genetic tests and a new test called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis -- which is a genetic test conducted on embryos for people attempting pregnancy through in vitro fertilization -- allow women to better predict if the infant will have a genetic defect† (New York Times Magazine, 2006). Thus thorough these tests, medical practitioners are able to identify and make early preparation toward any abnormalit ies of the fetus. Besides that, prenatal screening also improves lives. This is because prenatal screening is able to prevent abnormalities which bring difficulties in human life. At this time, no regulations ... prenatal screening guides parents andShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Prenatal Screening1728 Words   |  7 Pagesof Prenatal Screening Prenatal screening itself is a moment that holds uncertainty and can change the lives of those involved. . The chance of having a boy or girl seems to be the least of worries of expectant parents. Having a child with disability has been stigmatized to be a much bigger issue that is considered a â€Å"problem† in society. Even with issues surrounding prenatal screening, and it being ethical or â€Å"the right thing to do,† the worries of people with disabilities about how prenatal screeningRead MoreNew Techniques of Genetic Engineering1187 Words   |  5 Pagespotential impact. But today we have to decide to which degree these procedures and products be regulated and who gets the power to do so. These concerns are part of the larger issue. The issue of science and public policy. What is human genetic screening? It is the process of analyzing blood or skin to search for people with a certain genotype in a population. It is also an important tool of preventive medicine and it has huge potential to lessen the death average of cancer and other diseases ofRead MoreEssay on Prenatal Care2227 Words   |  9 PagesPrenatal care is medical care for pregnant woman and is important for a healthy pregnancy. Its key components include regular checkups and prenatal testing, eating healthfully, exercising, and beginning as soon as one knows she is pregnant. During her pregnancy, a woman should see her doctor about once each month for the first six months of pregnancy, then every two weeks for the seventh and eighth month of pregnancy, and then every week until her baby is born. However, if a woman is over 35Read MoreThe Benefits of Human Genetic Engineering Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone goes in and takes that malignant gene out of the equation with the help of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) such as embryo screening, in vitro fertilization, and pre-implantation genetics. â€Å"PGD allows couples at risk of transmitting a genetic disease to ensure their future children are unaffected by the disease without going through the process of prenatal diagnosis†¦and being forced to make the difficult decision regarding pregnancy termination† (Pray). Doctors can perform a procedure whereRead MoreEssay on Human Gene Therapy1696 Words   |  7 Pageshuman gene pool. Some of gene therapy’s cons are its risks mostly associated with the vector system. The vector system may not properly work so the therapy its self may therapy not work. The vector can cause the patient to get sick, and if an error occurs in the targeting of the correct cells a cancer can be acquired. Basically the the con is that a person can acquire another disease causing more complex issues. Gene therapy has a lot of potential. A con of gene therapy is that currently thereRead MoreAlternative Treatment Of Children With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure1374 Words   |  6 Pages Alternative Treatment of Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Malene B. Bonnor Valencia Community College Author Note This paper was prepared for PSY2012, CRN: 14478, Taught by Professor Oses Abstract Children that have been prenatally exposed to alcohol can suffer from a variety of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum disorders (FASD), FASD is a large term that includes many different disorders as an effect of prenatal alcohol exposure. Fetal alcohol syndrome or FAS is one of the manyRead MoreCloning Essay523 Words   |  3 Pagesthe use of the techniques with human cells and eggs. Cloning of humans almost is occurring. Scientists are researching by splitting embryos to execute experiments to find data relating to cell differentiation, the use of stem cells, and genetic screening. Fertility clinics use this service to help couples when a mother or father has a genetic disorder. A fertility clinic will clone an embryo, then test it for genetic disorders. If the embryo is tested negative for genetic disorders, then the fertilityRead MoreNew World Or Gattaca Style Dystopic Future Development Of Effective Prevention And Treatment Strategies For A Great3494 Words   |  14 Pageshuman embryo to fears about slippery slopes into a Brave New World or Gattaca-style dystopic future characterized by designer children and a genetic underclass. In the following, I will attempt to map out the current debate as it applies to genetic screening and testing, with special attention paid to the criticism offered by disability studies theory and disability rights advocates. I will begin with a brief overview of the traditional arguments in favor of reproductive liberty and a more permissiveRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1284 Words   |  6 Pagesdecision making which can result in a selection and implementation of interventions. Next, I would conduct observations of the child at a school setting, so I can see he or she in a natural environment. These general developmental assessments and screening tools can provide critical data for an accurate diagnosis and treatment. Autism Spectrum Disorder is steadily increasing at a large rate. Understanding the disorder and its manifestations, prevalence, research and assessment strategies will provideRead MoreWhat Is Meant By Designer Babies?1542 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is meant by Designer babies? The definition of a designer baby is that, a babies genetic makeup has been selected to eradicate a particular defect or to make sure that a particular gene is present(English Oxford dictionary).During embryo screening, a scientist would be able to tell what physical characteristics a child will grow to have; as well as whether or not this child is at risk of developing or will develop genetic disorders such as autism, down syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s

The Integration Of Computers And Software Tools - 940 Words

Bioinformatics is the integration of computers and software tools to analyse information associated with biomolecules on a large scale. Conventionally, biological study examines individual system in detail and uses the data that is produced to frequently compare similar systems that are related. However, bioinformatics facilitates scientists to study and conduct global analysis of all the available data. This allows researchers, to uncover common principles that may be applied across numerous systems, which results in different features to be highlighted (Luscombe , et al., 2001). Due to the increased amount of research that has been conducted in association with genes and proteins, computational methods such as bioinformatics has become†¦show more content†¦Computational biology became popular during the 1970’s when the price of computers decreased and they were easier to use and more readily available. Subsequently, this new technology was introduced primarily to store and manage data that was produced through genomic research. This then resulted in investigations to be completed in shorter amounts of time, which lead to larger investigations, leading to more data being produced. Thus, bigger and better computers were needed to manage the data that was generated. Hence, bioinformatics was used to create tools, algorithms and databases, which enabled comprehensive management of data. Therefore, as more and more data is being produced, the need for more powerful computers are needed in order to manage the data. Furthermore, due to large amount of data being generated, larger databases are required and more powerful tools are needed to manage and store the data. The proteins play a key role in the biological function and their studies make possible to understand the mechanisms that occur in many biological events. The human genome project enabled the emergence of proteomics. Proteomics is the large scale study of proteins, particularly the functions and structure of different proteins. The field of bioinformatics has had a significant effect in proteomics, as it has introduced new algorithms to handle large and heterogeneous data sets. Moreover, Bioinformatics has offered the

Study of Knowledge Free Essays

Epistemology – The Study of Knowledge Jeff Castro PHI 200 Dr. Akins February 4, 2013 Epistemology – The Study of Knowledge The study of knowledge has always been the journey toward truth and understanding. Epistemology deals with the creation and distribution of knowledge in certain areas of inquiry. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Humans should be free to gain, study and question knowledge and claims without repercussions in any social, cultural or religious setting. As we move forward in our understanding of life, religion and nature, we have changed our way of thinking through philosophy. We are less ignorant and uneducated about the truths of the world and how we as human beings perform in it. Knowledge and the confirmation of knowledge can be confirmed by propositional and procedural knowledge or knowledge by acquaintance. Propositional knowledge is expressed in declarative sentences or indicative propositions of one’s knowledge based on the known or knowing that. If someone says â€Å"all birds have feathers† they are stating or asserting a proposition that is factual or somewhat factual. Procedural knowledge is the knowledge used in the performance of a task, such as knowing how to replace brakes on a vehicle. It is learned knowledge through doing that act. Knowledge by acquaintance is experience based knowledge learned through casual interaction, such as knowing a place or person well (Mosser, 2010). Knowing for certain is always questionable because everything can be challenged. For the three identified ways of attaining knowledge, the most challenged one is propositional knowledge. Propositional knowledge receives the most skepticism because of the statements it brings forward, like â€Å"I believe that†, â€Å"I know that† and â€Å"I think that† (Steup, 2005). These statements are based on one’s beliefs, thoughts and ideas which can be questioned. If knowledge is based on one’s beliefs or opinions it will bring challenges, but remember an individual’s ideas based on beliefs or opinions should respected. We are certain of the other two due to experiencing or performing acts to solidify the knowledge. But then still can be questioned because of different procedures or experiences can still result in a different or validation of an outcome or answer. To justify what we really know is inherited, learned or experienced. We cannot really be certain of our knowledge because we can be tricked or limited by our sense that provides us this information to confirm or deny what we know or learn. Knowledge at one point is imperfect, but the truth at that point and is reinforced by the progress of science to be an absolute truth to some degree and as Vladimir Lenin says, â€Å"There is no impassable boundary between relative and absolute truth. † (Bogdanov, 1908). The normal order of the world is how we perceive it through our senses. It can play tricks on us and deceive through illusions that the mind receives from sight, sound, taste and touch. How humans recognize what is real and not real through their senses is known as empiricism (Mosser, 2010). Empiricists view that there is no such thing as innate knowledge, but instead knowledge is received from experience. On the argument side you have rationalism which view knowledge to be innate. It argues that the knowledge of God, mathematics and science cannot be explained by the senses (Mosser, 2010). But this does contradicts how we learn, because without the senses how do we learn mathematics, science or the knowledge of God (the bible). Innate knowledge is derived from the mind, but requires other things to support or build the mind, the senses. Let’s break down the five senses (vision, sound, touch, smell and taste) and try to understand what can be limited and why. Vision can be received or altered based on the ability to distinguish objects, the depth or field, color, contrast, or even color blindness. Sound can be affected by the volume or pitch that is received by the ears. Touch can be affected by your haptic perception and how sensitive one’s outer skin is. Smell and taste can be affected by our bad habits (smoking and drinking), disease or medications. So the limitations of one’s senses can fool and be limited by our own doings and by the aging process (Gwizdka, 2010). Cognitive relativism is the idea of the knowledge we hold of the real world requires assistance from our mental/mind to build and support and that things being the truth or false are relative to a society, group or individual. I also realize that there are cognitive bias, notational bias and culture bias, which prevents us from seeing or analyzing something objectively with our senses (empiricism) which we cannot discount. So to really assert a position of truth would depend on who interprets it based on moral, ethical, or social view (Slick, 2012). Friedrich Nietzsche developed perspectivism which supports cognitive relativism in that there are many possible perspectives to determine any possible assessment of the truth to be determined. This means that there is doubt and uncertainty about how we see the world and the truth about it based on perspectives. The limits to human perception or cognition are bounded by each individual and how they can comprehend or process what they are receiving. The processing of the knowledge can be expanded upon through the use of one’s innate knowledge. We limited ourselves based on what we only know and what is in front of us. If we can make sense of the world beyond what our senses take in we would be much better off, but remember it is all based on one’s perspective of faith, ideas, thoughts and knowledge. Skepticism is originally was defined as someone who simply looked at things and now it is someone who doubts claims. Skepticism forces claims to be justified (Mosser, 2010). When assessing epistemology on the bases of what is known and the unknown we will still question everything for it is uncertain that we really know the truth about something. Yet there will still be limits on what we question because some are based on faith, which is an individual’s belief in their religion. There are several types of skepticism: moral, religious, metaphysical and scientific. Each identifying a particular area to question or doubt, but what I find most questionable or intriguing are the religious skepticism or theological skepticism which examines faith-based claims and scientific skepticism or empirical skepticism which uses the scientific method of examining claims. Religious skepticism does not mean one would be either an Atheist or Agnostic. These skeptics question religious authority, but are not anti-religious just because they question specific or all religious beliefs or practices. One of the first religious skeptics was Socrates, he questioned the legitimacy of the beliefs during his time of the existence of various gods and this led to his trial and execution. Scientific skepticism seek proof through deductive argument before accepting any knowledge in any area, such as health claims, environmental claims, parapsychology, etc. Carl Sagan originated scientific skepticism and was a world-famous astronomer and astrophysicist well known for supporting the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence (SETI) and questioned that there was more than earth in our and other vast universes. There is also a sub-set of scientific skepticism which is call activist skepticism who seek to expose or prove false publicly what they see as the truth behind extraordinary claims (Klein, 2000). Socrates claimed that he knew one and only one thing: that he knew nothing, which was in line with being a Pyrrhonist. He questioned everyone who claimed to have knowledge, hoping to learn from them, but he never claimed that gaining knowledge was impossible and never claimed to discover any knowledge. As such proof of never recording anything to prove or disprove his knowledge (Mosser, 2010). Sagan wrote in his publications â€Å"Too much openness and you accept every notion, idea, and hypothesis—which is tantamount to knowing nothing. Too much skepticism—especially rejection of new ideas before they are adequately tested—and you’re not only unpleasantly grumpy, but also closed to the advance of science. A judicious mix is what we need. † (Sagan, 1995). Both men were skeptics who believed in questioning and challenging claims and exhibited a fascination with discovery. I believe it is in our nature to question everything to ensure we have validated the claim, but as Sagan has stated there is a fine line before tilting it too far to the left or right. I believe the two skepticisms try to get at the answer of how humans came to being. The religious skeptic will question all religions by comparing claims and questioning why to find the ultimate truth of our existence and our true meaning. The scientific skeptic will require proof in the way of science before accepting knowledge to be true (Munchin, 2011). By taking the two and trying to analyze and form a more complete set of questions to develop a more sensible truth or theory behind the human existence would possibly help me understand or rationalize the questions of â€Å"why† and â€Å"how† in my mind. But I understand there are limits to what I chose to believe as my ideas or perceptions (Shogenji, 2011). The decision between right and wrong is relative to one’s society or cultural background. Relativism in the Muslim world would be a death sentence (honor killing) and we would see it as radical relativism. It is easily defendable in their culture and country because it is viewed as a norm or way of life, but not so within most other countries. It is all about perspective because we to at one time burned people at the stake for being witches. Ignorance and lack of education or knowledge made it defensible and accepted at that time. So is radical relativism defensible, it is all about an individual’s or country’s perspective, religious beliefs and culture to decide one way or the other (Mosser, 2010). The basic understanding of philosophy and how it affects our lives is sometimes transparent to most people because they only do without thinking. We have gotten so busy with our tethered lives we do not take the time to question why something is true or not, we move around like mindless beings. Epistemology gives us that way to question and seek knowledge to validate truth and to hope to truly understand the â€Å"why† and â€Å"how† of our lives and everything in and around us. Humans should be free to gain, study and question knowledge and claims without repercussions in any social, cultural or religious setting. But this is an ongoing battle to be free from repercussions or persecution of our thoughts, ideas and actions when publically projected. Some countries and cultures still lash out in the way of medieval and barbaric manner at anything that does not fit their way of life and interactions, but it is all relative and it still falls within the study of philosophy. Choosing to accept this or not, based on beliefs, ideas and religion is your choice, but to understand and have a greater degree of insight of knowledge and truth is true epistemology. References Bogdanov, A. (1908). Absolute and Relative Truth, or the Eclecticism of Engels. Retrieved from: http://www. marxists. org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mec/two5. htm Gwizdka, J. (2010). Human Perception Cognition. Retrieved from: http://comminfo. rutgers. edu/~jacekg/teaching/ITI230_HCI/2006_4f/lectures/Lecture3. pdf Klein, P. (2000). Contextualism and the Real Nature of Academic Skepticism. Retrieved from: http://www. jstor. org. proxy-library. ashford. edu/stable/pdfplus/3050570. pdf? acceptTC=true Mosser, K. (2010). A Concise Introduction to Philosophy. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Munchin, D. (2011). ‘Is theology a science? ’ Paul Feyerabend’s anarchic epistemology as challenge test to T. F. Torrance’s scientific theology. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/cv_756002/docview/894110952/fulltextPDF/13C00235777679CB0A0/4? accountid=32521 Sagan, C. 1995). Wonder and Skepticism, Vol 19, Issue 1. Retrieved from: http://www. positiveatheism. org/writ/saganws. htm Shogenji, T. (2011). Internalism and Externalism in Meliorative Epistemology. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/cv_756002/docview/1111853938/fulltextPDF/13C06554AFF58193594/1? accountid=32521 Slick, M. (2012). Cognitive Relativism. Retrieved from: http://c arm. org/secular-movements/relativism/cognitive-relativism Steup, M. (2005). Epistemology. Retrieved from: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/epistemology/ How to cite Study of Knowledge, Papers

Evolution of Community and Public Health Nursing free essay sample

Key health issues during the American Revolution, there were high rates of smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, typhoid, typhus, tuberculosis, malaria and infant mortality. Community and public health’s major goal was Improving sanitation among all areas in all communities. The AMA developed a committee to take surveys on sanitation and taking vital statistics. A few years later the Shattuck report would be published, and state and local health departments would be established from that. During this time, the role of community and public health services included â€Å"monitoring water quality, constructing sewers and a waterfront wall, draining marshes, planting trees and vegetables, and burying the dead† (Stanley Lancaster, 2012,p. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of Community and Public Health Nursing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 24). There were several local community and public health foundations during this time. The Ladies’ Benevolent Society of Charleston, South Carolina, provided charitable assistance to the needy, while in â€Å"Cincinnati, Ohio, the Roman Catholic Sisters of Charity began a visiting nurse service†( Stanley Lancaster, 2012,p. 24) Florence Nigthengale  Key health issues at the time were typhus, cholera, yellow fever, and wounded soldiers from the Crimean war. Perspectives and goals of community and public health nursing were that all nurses were trained using a nursing education model. This would improve care, and patient outcomes. Nurse’s goals were focused on disease prevention and health promotion rather than just treating the sick. Visiting nursing associations were established. Public health emphasized on meeting urban health care needs and caring for the needy (Stanley Lancaster, 2012, p.25). A few groups of Roman Catholic  and protestant women cared for the needy and visiting nursing services began to be established, caring for the ill and the needy. 1950’s As the population lived longer, advances were made in medicine, vaccinations, education, and nursing, more patients suffered with heart disease, cancer, and cerebral vascular disease (Stanley Lancaster, 2012,p.33). The goals of community and public health nurses were treating and preventing chronic diseases and to address areas of psychological issues such as stress and anxiety. Roles and functions of community and public health nursing was in home health agencies, screening communities for chronic illness, providing communities with vaccinations. Community and public health partnerships at the time were the home health agencies and insurance programs.